Assignment 6 Website

http://www.pitt.edu/~amh185

Assignment 5 Link

My user name is amh185 and my list/virtual shelf is called Assignment 5 Alexandra Hilton. I chose documents about film festivals to build my shelf.

http://jade.exp.sis.pitt.edu:8080/cgi-bin/koha/virtualshelves/shelves.pl?viewshelf=62

Reading Notes for 11/11

Digital Libraries: Challenges & Influential Work

The Internet makes our job as librarians and archivists very difficult since we are responsible for searching through information that is hidden in cyberspace. Providing digital library services means that there needs to be a way for a user to sift through information in the digital environment and in order to do that some kind of order has to be made. The National Science Foundation was one of the first federal programs that supported digital library research when they funded six projects, called the Digital Libraries Initiative/DLI-1. DLI-2 came shortly after and involved many more federal organizations, such as the Library of Congress and FBI. The project kept evolving from there with more organizations and universities joining and bringing more money into researching digital libraries. The University of Illinois, for example, focused on the deployment and evaluation of journals in a digital form. They managed to provide publishers the opportunity to put their journals online. The Illinois Testbed project was used as publishers began utilizing HTML/CSS, internal linking with citations and footnotes, forward/backward links to related articles, amongst others. At the beginning of DLI-1 the prominent web browser was Mosaic 2.0 beta, Netscape Navigator wasn’t even used yet. Microsoft Windows 3.1 was the OS used most. The DLI program put into motion developing guidelines and standards for digital libraries, which have evolved themselves.

A search function was an important issue. Metasearch systems collect content within one search engine, like Google. Other search systems have broadcast search approaches. Metadata searching in comparison to full-text searching is an issue between the two search systems. The two could work together if broadcast searching developed standards and made the search function easier to understand for library users.

Dewey Meets Turing: Librarians, Computer Scientists, and the Digital Libraries Initiative

The National Science Foundation began DLI in 1994. It was at first that digital libraries targeted librarians, computer scientists, and publishers, but that eventually grew beyond those three, especially when the Google search engine came about. Computer scientists usually are library fans, so a library’s function is easy for them to understand. Digital library projects gave them a project that combined research with helping society, plus they had to develop a totally new system. Librarians were open to this because the sciences are great supporters monetarily of libraries and knew that IT development was necessary so they could remain relevant with scholarly work. DLI seemed to be a union between CS and librarians, but the quick development of the web changed things. It made the consumer and producer line blurry and the common ground that the two had met upon. CS did not have a shift in their work really, but librarians were forced to take account of what would happen to their traditional roles. CS grew naturally with the internet and brought more to the field who were interested in the appeal of the web. There was a disruption in the library community, especially when publishers demanded a high price for digital content with their journals, many academic libraries could not afford the price and had to cancel subscriptions.

Downfalls to the partnership came in the lack of money that libraries received via DLI and thought CS didn’t realize the importance of their jobs and collections. CSers couldn’t understand why librarians wanted metadata. Information must still be organized and presented, which is a librarians duty. Now there calls for a partnership between librarians and scholarly authors.

When trying to access the third article I got a “404 error” page…which is comical because the end of the second article was a little anecdote on how much that annoys librarians. I’m guessing this wasn’t to be a joke, so I went ahead and googled it.

Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age

In an academic archive it is giving the university community the ability to access digital materials created by the institution and related members. It is to preserve the university’s history. Librarians, IT professionals, archivists, records managers, faculty, and university administrators are the people that must work together to create this online repository. As technology changes access must continue and change with the technology. An institutional repository should have both faculty and student work, plus records of activities and events that went on at the university. It should acknowledge the development of the university through time and be available for others to see.

Scholarly community and scholarship are changing. Early members realized the opportunity of the internet to share ideas, whether in a scholarly journal or not. Some faculty members have looked to the internet to disseminate their works and provide their articles to a larger audience. If they are not involved with the scholarly world then they are responsible for looking over the content and making sure access remains. Metadata needs to be watched over, as well. This is a difficult task as faculty are not used to maintaining their records, only creating them. It makes these materials easy to get lost. Another issue is in preserving the scholarly record within the scholarship realm, which many faculty members are not familiar with doing. Scholarship has become more of datasets and analysis tools.

Institutional repositories have other duties such as developing a new collection strategy and put materials there that might be useful to research libraries. They can facilitate access to traditional scholarly work over the internet and have an easier system implemented for submitting materials.

Some dangers over institutional repositories include deciding what is intellectual work, not overloading the systems, and making sure the institutions they are at will commit to their importance. Overtime they can easily fail if they run out of money, management declines, or technical problems arise. Their mission is to preserve institution materials, provide reference services to these materials, and manage the rights to the digital content.

Muddiest Point from 11/3

My question is pretty basic and something I've just found myself wondering about, but what is a mark up language exactly? Why is it called that?

Cite U Like Assignment 4

Alexandra Hilton's CiteULike Library
http://www.citeulike.org/user/ahilton88



References
[1] Noa Aharony. Twitter use in libraries: An exploratory analysis.
Journal of Web Librarianship, 4(4):333{350, 2010.
[2] Robert Allen and Catherine Hall. Automated processing of digitized
historical newspapers beyond the article level: Sections and regular
features. In Gobinda Chowdhury, Chris Koo, and Jane Hunter, editors,
The Role of Digital Libraries in a Time of Global Change, volume
6102, chapter 11, pages 91{101. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin,
Heidelberg, 2010.
[3] Robert B. Allen and Robert Sieczkiewicz. How historians use historical
newspapers. Proc. Am. Soc. Info. Sci. Tech., 47(1):1{4, 2010.
[4] Alton Chua, Dion Goh, and Chei Lee. The prevalence and use of web
2.0 in libraries. pages 22{30. 2008.
[5] Deborah S. Chung. Interactive features of online newspapers:
Identifying patterns and predicting use of engaged readers. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(3):658{679, 2008.
[6] Laura B. Cohen. Library 2.0 initiatives in academic libraries.
Association of College and Research Libraries, 2007.
[7] Colleen Cuddy, Jamie Graham, and Emily G. Morton-Owens.
Implementing twitter in a health sciences library. Medical reference
services quarterly, 29(4):320, 2010.
[8] Michael Day. Preserving the fabric of our lives: A survey of web
preservation initiatives. pages 461{472. 2003.
[9] Dana M. DeFebbo, Leigh Mihlrad, and Marcy A. Strong.
Microblogging for medical libraries and librarians. Journal of
Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 6(3):211{223, 2009.
[10] Joanna C. Dunlap and Patrick R. Lowenthal. Tweeting the night
away: Using twitter to enhance social presence. Journal of Information
Systems Education, 20(2):129{135, 2009.
[11] Erin Fields. A unique twitter use for reference services. Library Hi
Tech News, 27(6/7):14{15, 2010.
[12] Alexandra Goho. News that's t to print { and preserve. Science
News, 165:24, January 2004.
[13] P. Gragg and C. L. Sellers. Twitter. LAW LIBRARY JOURNAL,
102(2):325{330, 2010.
[14] N. S. Harinarayana and N. Vasantha Raju. Web 2.0 features in
university library web sites. The Electronic Library, 28(1):69{88, 2010.
[15] Kathy Ludwig and Bryan Johnson. Preserving newspaper: When and
how to, March 1997.
[16] Graham Matthews. Do we want to keep our newspapers? New Library
World, 105(3/4):157{159, January 2004.
[17] T Mills. Preserving yesterday's news for today's historian: A brief
history of newspaper preservation, bibliography, and indexing. The
Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 16(3):463{487, 1981.
[18] S. Milstein. Twitter for libraries (and librarians). ONLINE,
33(2):34{35, 2009.
[19] Mark Shelton. Do we want to keep our newspapers? Collection
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[20] Carl S. Stepp. How to save america's newspapers. American
Journalism Review, 15(3):18, April 1993.

Notes Week 10

What Is XML?

·         Subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), easy to interchange structured docs over internet

·         Defines how Internet Uniform Resource Locators can be used to identify component parts of XML data streams

·         Document Type Definition: role of each element of text in a formal model, not required in XML

·         XML lets users bring mult files together to form compound docs, where to put pictures in text, give processing control info to supporting programs, add editorial comments

·         Composed of a series of entities, each one contains 1+ logical elements, each elements has certain attributes to describe how to be processed

·         To define tag sets use DTD

·         Some elements are placeholders, empty elements. No end-tag. Usually for graphic.

·         Important=unique identifier, cross reference between two points in doc

·         Text entity, commonly used text within DTD

·         XML file normally has three types of markup, first two option: processing instruction, document type declaration, document instance

Survey of XML standards

·         Builds on Unicode & DTD

·         XML 1.1 first revision, revise treatment of characters in the XML specification to make it adapt more naturally to changes in the Unicode specification & normalization of characters

·         Based on Standard Generalized Markup Language

·         XML Catalogs has instructions how XML processor resolves XML entity identifiers into actual documents. System identifiers given by URIs. Public Identifiers.

·         Namespaces in XML universal naming of elements and attributes in XML docs. Assign vocab markers if want to embed XHTML.

·         XML Base associating XML elements with URIs specify how relative URIs are resolved in relevant XML processing actions

·         Canonical XML Version 1.0 standard method for generating physical rep of an XML document, called canonical form. Accounts for variations allowed in XML syntax without changing meaning.

·         XML Path Language syntax/data model for addressing parts of an XML document, a little language

·         XPointer Framework defines a language to refer to fragments of an XML doc

·         XLink generic framework for expressing links in XML docs. Harder than in HTML.

·         Relax NG XML schema language, define and limit XML vocabs. Original is DTD, but some people dislike it while Relax is more simple/expressive.

·         W3C XML Schema another schema language for XML. First part constrains structure of doc, second constrains contents of simple elements and attributes.

·         Schematron schema language register collection of rules against which the XML doc is to be checked rather than mapping out entire tree structure

Extending Your Markup

·         Looks like HTML docs, starts with a prolog, ends with exactly one element

·         Single element can be viewed as root of doc, build off from there

·         DTD declared in XML doc’s prolog with !DOCTYPE tag

·         Elements nonterminal or terminal. Nonterminal contain subelements, grouped as sequences or choices. Terminal elements as parsed character data or EMPTY. Elements declared as ANY.

·         Elements can have zero or more attributes, declared using !ATTLIST tag

·         Character data most common data type for attributes. Types id, idref, idrefs

·         Namespaces avoids names clashes, can be defined in any element. Define all namespaces within the root element and use unique prefixes. Namespaces and DTDs don’t work well together.

·         Xlink describes how 2 docs can be linked

·         XPointer enables addressing individual parts of an XML doc

·         XPath used by XPointer to describe location paths

·         Location path has location steps

·         XLink to link docs together, uses its own namespace

·         XSL is two languages: transformation language (XSLT) and formatting language.

·         XSLT can transform XML  into HTML, bypass formatting language

·         XML is family of lanugages

W3Schools XML

·         Greatest strength of XML Schemas is support for data types, they use XML Schemas so don’t have to learn new language, secures data communication

·         Well-formed XML doc is a doc that conforms to the XML syntax rules

·         Complex types, simple types

·         <schema> element root

·         Simple element contains only text, can’t have attributes

Muddiest Point Week 9

Could you please explain again how to link CSS style sheets together so that they apply to a whole web page?